The Utility-Scale ESS consists of photovoltaic modules, energy storage battery systems, bidirectional converters, grid-connected inverters, box-type substations, and other equipment. Once connected, the generated DC power is converted from DC to AC via grid-connected inverters, is boosted, and then connected to the grid. For the irregular and intermittent output of photovoltaic or wind power generation, electrochemical energy storage systems have the advantage of faster response, smaller size, and longer lifespan compared to other energy storage systems, and are better at smoothing power output and managing energy flow.